The aim of ESPREME was to develop methods and to identify strategies to support EU environmental policy-making for reducing the emissions and thus the harmful 
impacts of heavy metals (HMs). The core aim of the research was to carry out damage assessment considering heavy metals to the environment and human health in 
the long term. The priority metals mercury, cadmium, lead, nickel, arsenic and chromium have been covered. 
            

1.	Publishable final activity report : Estimation of willingness-to-pay to reduce risks of exposure to heavy metals and cost-benefits analysis for reducing 
heavy metals occurrence in Europe.     
2.	Source-sector analysis and evaluation report Main sources of HM emissions and analysis of the contribution of emissions from these sources to the total 
emissions of heavy metals in Europe. The purpose of this analysis was to provide the information needed for the assessment of the potential for heavy metal emission 
reductions in Europe, and emission scenarios for the target year 2010.      
    
3.	Synthesis Report on Potential and Costs of Abatement Options for Heavy Metals in Europe: Development of the ESPREME metal emission abatement options 
database relevant to the analysis of estimation of willingness-to-pay to reduce risks of exposure to the ESPREME metals. From the created database the part 
related to the emission reduction methods which might be specially recommended for practical use was separated.     
    
4.	Further development, application and model results of the athmosperic dispersion model of MSC-East:  Description of the chemical transport model MSCE-HM, 
that was used to model the atmospheric dispersion and review of major modifications and improvements performed within the framework of the project. Modelling 
results are presented and compared to measurements.     
    
5.	Model development and application for water/soil long term modelling:  Performance of water and soil long term modelling by following the impact pathway 
through the environmental media water and soil. In addition, the exposure to human beings as well as to ecosystems was assessed in order to estimate human health 
and ecotoxicological impacts which then were monetised and given as external costs.     
    
6.	Exposure response functions for HM impacts on human health:  This report describes the exposure-response information that is available for human health 
effects arising from exposure to arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury and nickel. An information search was undertaken to identify the various health 
effects that may be associated with each metal, the strength of evidence linking individual metals to individual effects and information linking exposure 
to effect.     
    
7.	Exposure-response-functions for HM impacts on ecosystems and crops:  The objective of this study is a literature survey related to willingness to pay 
to reduce HM emissions. In the case of impacts to ecosystems some methods are discussed and the Ecotax method is presented with resulting values for ecological 
toxicity.     
    
8.	Report on CEA/CBA results for selected HM abatement strategies:  Within ESPREME the damage caused by the releases of heavy metals to the environmental 
media has been estimated for 2 emission scenarios and in a further step transferred into monetary values, the damage costs. In addition, marginal damage costs 
(per ton of HM emitted) have been calculated and are presented here for different discounting schemes.     
    
9.	Joint overview report and comparison of available methods and models for macroeconomic assessment: Four macro-economic models (GEM-E3, GTAP-E, NEMESIS 
and E3ME) and their environmental moduls are presented and compared to assess their usefulness in the ESPREME framework. Requirements on extensions of the 
models (both concerning the geographical scale and the pollutants considered) are discussed.